Reincarnation (kongera kuvuka) ni igitekerezo kimaze ibinyejana byinshi kivugwaho mu madini n’umuco, ariko iyo kigeze mu rwego rwa siyansi kiba ikibazo gikomeye gisaba ibimenyetso bifatika, bipimika kandi bisubirwamo n’abandi bashakashatsi. Nk’umusesenguzi ushaka amakuru yizewe kurusha ayandi, iyi nkuru irasesengura reincarnation mu mucyo wa siyansi gusa, tutagendeye ku myizerere cyangwa ku marangamutima.
Turareba:
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Uburyo siyansi isuzuma ibirebana n’ubuzima nyuma y’urupfu
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Ubushakashatsi bwabaye ku bana bavuze ko bibuka ubuzima bwabanje
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Uko ubwonko n’imitekerereze bishobora gusobanura ibyo bintu
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Impamvu impaka zigikomeje kugeza ubu
1. Siyansi isaba iki ngo yemere igitekerezo?
Mu rwego rwa siyansi, igitekerezo cyose kigomba kuba:
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Gifite ibimenyetso bifatika (evidence-based)
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Gishobora gusubirwamo n’abandi bashakashatsi (replicable)
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Gishobora kugenzurwa (testable)
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Gishobora gupimwa mu buryo bwa laboratwari
Ikibazo cya reincarnation kiri aha: ntiturabona uburyo bwo gupima cyangwa gukurikirana “roho” ngo harebwe niba koko yimuka iva mu mubiri umwe ijya mu wundi.
Bityo rero, reincarnation ntiyigeze yemezwa nka “scientific fact,” ahubwo iri mu rwego rw’ibitekerezo bikiri gukorwaho ubushakashatsi.
2. Ubushakashatsi bwa Ian Stevenson
Umushakashatsi uvugwa cyane muri uru rwego ni Ian Stevenson, umuganga w’indwara zo mu mutwe wakoraga muri University of Virginia.
Yamaze imyaka irenga 40 akusanya inkuru z’abana bato bavugaga ko bibuka ubuzima bwabo bwa mbere. Yavuze ko yakoze dosiye zirenga 2,000 zaturutse mu bihugu bitandukanye.
Yanditse igitabo kizwi cyane cyitwa Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation, aho yasobanuye inkuru 20 zatekerezwaga ko zifite ibimenyetso bikomeye.
Uko yakoraga ubushakashatsi:
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Yabazaga umwana amakuru arambuye mbere yo kujya kugenzura niba uwo muntu yavugaga yarabayeho.
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Yageragezaga gushaka abatangabuhamya batari abo mu muryango w’umwana.
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Yandikaga ibimenyetso by’umubiri (nk’inkovu) akabigereranya n’uko uwo muntu wa mbere yapfuye.
Ibi byari uburyo bwitondewe ugereranyije n’inkuru zisanzwe, ariko si uburyo bwa laboratwari.
3. Jim Tucker n’ikorwa rikomeje
Nyuma ya Stevenson, ubushakashatsi bwakomeje buyobowe na Jim B. Tucker, nawe ukorera muri University of Virginia.
Yanditse igitabo cyitwa Life Before Life, aho yakusanyije inkuru z’abana bo muri Amerika bavuze ko bibuka ubuzima bwabo bwa mbere.
Tucker yavuze ko abana benshi batangiraga kuvuga ayo makuru hagati y’imyaka 2 na 4, hanyuma uko bakura bakayibagirwa.
4. Ibisobanuro bya psychology (imitekerereze)
Abahanga mu mitekerereze bavuga ko hari ibisobanuro bishobora gusobanura ibi bintu hatabayeho reincarnation.
(1) Cryptomnesia
Ni igihe umuntu yibuka amakuru yumvise kera, ariko akibwira ko ari ibitekerezo bye bwite. Umwana ashobora kuba yarumvise inkuru z’umuntu wapfuye, hanyuma akazifata nk’iz’ubuzima bwe.
(2) Suggestibility
Abana bato bashobora kuyoborwa n’ibibazo by’ababyeyi batabizi. Iyo umubyeyi abajije ati: “Ese wari utuye he mbere?” umwana ashobora gutanga igitekerezo kigakomera uko kibazwa.
(3) False memories
Ubwonko bushobora gukora inkuru zihimbano zisa n’ukuri cyane, cyane cyane ku bana bato.
5. Ikibazo cy’Ibimenyetso by’Inkovi (Birthmarks)
Stevenson yavuze ko hari abana bavukanye inkovu zihuye n’aho umuntu wa mbere yapfuye. Ibi byateye impaka nyinshi.
Ariko abahanga bavuga ko:
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Inkovi zishobora gusobanurwa n’imiterere y’uturemangingo (genetics).
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Nta buryo bwo kwemeza ko inkovu ifitanye isano n’urupfu rw’undi muntu.
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Nta bushakashatsi bwa laboratwari bwigeze bwerekana isano ya direct.
6. Impamvu siyansi itarayemera
Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwa Stevenson na Tucker bwubashywe mu rwego rw’iperereza, hari ibibazo bikomeye:
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Ntibishobora gusubirwamo mu buryo bugenzurwa (controlled experiment).
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Nta buryo bwo gupima roho cyangwa consciousness itandukanye n’ubwonko.
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Inkuru nyinshi zishingira ku buhamya bw’abantu (anecdotal evidence).
Mu rwego rwa siyansi, anecdote ntihagije ngo ibe gihamya.
7. Consciousness: ikibazo kigikomeye
Abahanga mu by’ubwonko baracyagerageza gusobanukirwa neza “consciousness” (imitekerereze n’imyumvire y’umuntu). Hari abavuga ko imitekerereze ishingiye ku mikorere y’ubwonko gusa. Iyo ubwonko buhagaritse gukora, consciousness irahagarara.
Nta gihamya irerekana ko consciousness ishobora kubaho itandukanye n’ubwonko bw’umubiri.
8. Ese reincarnation ishobora kwigwaho mu buryo bushya?
Hari abashakashatsi bemeza ko hakenewe uburyo bushya bwo kwiga ibi bibazo, kuko bishobora kuba birenze imyumvire isanzwe ya siyansi.
Ariko kugeza ubu, reincarnation iracyafatwa nk’igitekerezo kidafite gihamya ihagije mu rwego rwa siyansi mpuzamahanga.
9. Umwanzuro w’umusesenguzi
Iyo usesenguye amakuru yose:
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Hari inkuru nyinshi z’abana bavuze ko bibuka ubuzima bwabanje.
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Hari ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu buryo bwitondewe.
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Ariko nta gihamya ya laboratwari yemeza reincarnation.
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Hari ibisobanuro bya psychology bishobora gusobanura ibi bintu hatabayeho kongera kuvuka.
Mu rwego rwa siyansi, reincarnation iracyari hypothesis (igitekerezo kiri gukorwaho ubushakashatsi), si fact (ukuri kwemejwe).
